Scientists examining data from the Cassini-Huygens mission have identified an unexpected feature in the structure of Saturn’s protective magnetic bubble.
The finding supports the idea that giant planets such as Saturn have magnetospheres that behave very differently from Earth’s.
The research, published in Nature Communications, includes Dr. Licia Ray and Dr. Sarah Badman of Lancaster University, along with Dr. Chris Arridge, formerly of Lancaster.
Cassini was designed to investigate Saturn and the wider Saturn system, including its rings, natural satellites and surrounding space environment. The mission was a collaboration involving NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Italian space agency (ASI). Cassini orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017.
Saturn’s Rapid Rotation Changes the Picture
The new findings support a longstanding theory that the rapid rotation of massive planets such as Saturn can become more important than the solar wind in shaping their magnetospheres.
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles flowing outward from the Sun. A magnetosphere is the region of space around a planet where its magnetic field provides protection from these incoming particles.
Near a planet’s poles, however, there are funnel-shaped openings known as “magnetospheric cusps.” These regions allow charged solar particles to enter the planet’s atmosphere more directly.
Researchers analyzed Cassini observations gathered between 2004 and 2010 to determine exactly where Saturn’s magnetospheric cusp is located. When they compared the results with similar observations of Earth, they found a major difference.
Saturn’s powerful rotation appears to “drag” the cusp away from noon. On average, the cusp is shifted well into the afternoon, typically between 13:00 and 15:00 local time, and in some cases it extends toward 20:00 local time.
The fact that Saturn’s cusp is displaced toward dusk provides evidence that a planet’s rotation rate can fundamentally reshape its nearby space environment.
A Shift With Implications for Saturn’s Auroras
This unusual cusp location has important consequences for models of magnetic reconnection, the acceleration of high-energy particles, and Saturn’s intense auroral activity.
Dr. Licia Ray of Lancaster University said: “This result allows us to move forward with new and improved theories on how planetary magnetospheres interact with the solar wind.”
Earth rotates much more slowly than a gas giant such as Saturn. A day on Earth lasts 24 hours, and the shape of Earth’s magnetosphere is largely determined by the balance between pressure from the solar wind and pressure from Earth’s magnetic field. That balance places Earth’s cusp close to local high noon.
Saturn presents a very different situation. One day on the planet lasts approximately 10.7 hours, and its magnetosphere also contains large amounts of ionized material supplied by its moon Enceladus.
Together, Saturn’s rapid rotation and this abundance of ionized material mean that the pressure from the planet’s magnetic field and its rapidly rotating disk of charged material must balance the pressure of the solar wind.
These forces help explain why Saturn’s cusp appears much farther toward the afternoon and evening than the equivalent region at Earth.
Cassini Data Continues to Reveal New Science
The discovery could also improve scientists’ understanding of Saturn’s bright auroras and the energetic processes taking place within its magnetosphere.
Dr. Ray said: “In particular, the afternoon cusp locations have implications for how we interpret Saturn’s bright aurora and where we expect magnetic reconnection, an explosive process that accelerates particles to very high energies of keV and more, to occur. It also highlights the rich science that can still be done with Cassini data more than eight years after the end of mission.”